منابع مشابه
Herbivory eliminates fitness costs of mutualism exploiters.
A common empirical observation in mutualistic interactions is the persistence of variation in partner quality and, in particular, the persistence of exploitative phenotypes. For mutualisms between hosts and symbionts, most mutualism theory assumes that exploiters always impose fitness costs on their host. We exposed legume hosts to mutualistic (nitrogen-fixing) and exploitative (non-nitrogen-fi...
متن کاملPopulation dynamics and mutualism: functional responses of benefits and costs.
We develop an approach for studying population dynamics resulting from mutualism by employing functional responses based on density-dependent benefits and costs. These functional responses express how the population growth rate of a mutualist is modified by the density of its partner. We present several possible dependencies of gross benefits and costs, and hence net effects, to a mutualist as ...
متن کاملNematode-bacteria mutualism: Selection within the mutualism supersedes selection outside of the mutualism.
The coevolution of interacting species can lead to codependent mutualists. Little is known about the effect of selection on partners within verses apart from the association. Here, we determined the effect of selection on bacteria (Xenorhabdus nematophila) both within and apart from its mutualistic partner (a nematode, Steinernema carpocapsae). In nature, the two species cooperatively infect an...
متن کاملThe Ecology of Mutualism
Elementary ecology texts tell us that organisms interact in three fundamental ways, generally given the names competition, predation, and mutualism. The third member has gotten short shrift (264), and even its name is not generally agreed on. Terms that may be considered synonyms, in whole or part, are symbiosis, commensalism, cooperation, protocooperation, mutual aid, facilitation, reciprocal ...
متن کاملthe effect of taftan pozzolan on the compressive strength of concrete in the environmental conditions of oman sea (chabahar port)
cement is an essential ingredient in the concrete buildings. for production of cement considerable amount of fossil fuel and electrical energy is consumed. on the other hand for generating one tone of portland cement, nearly one ton of carbon dioxide is released. it shows that 7 percent of the total released carbon dioxide in the world relates to the cement industry. considering ecological issu...
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ژورنال
عنوان ژورنال: American Zoologist
سال: 2001
ISSN: 0003-1569
DOI: 10.1093/icb/41.4.825